Description: The original purpose of this paper was to review the principles and practice of life-office valuations in the light of modern conditions. The author discusses the theory of matching assets and liabilities, or immunization and reviews gross premium valuations, net premium valuations and bonus reserve valuation. He also covers the different purposes behind the valuations.

Description: This paper discusses some of the models used to quantify risk, note some areas where improvements in standard methods are needed, and in some cases suggest alternative approaches for risks in Property and Casualty Insurance and Life Insurance.

Description: This paper expands on the traditional three-factor interest, mortality, and expenses dividend contribution formula to propose a new dividend structure. The structure and formula are derived from the most generalized equation of equilibrium, and each dividend class is treated as an ongoing microcosm. From Society of Actuaries Financial Reporting Monograph, M-AS99-1.