Description: This paper discusses some of the models used to quantify risk, note some areas where improvements in standard methods are needed, and in some cases suggest alternative approaches for risks in Property and Casualty Insurance and Life Insurance.

Description: The term manipulation means designing policies in such a way that they have attractive net cost indexes but are, nevertheless, a very poor buy for the consumer. This panel discusses what is meant by manipulation problem, how serious it is how the NAIC Advisory Committee proposes to deal with it and what responsibilities actuaries have in connection with this problem. From Record of the Society of Actuaries 1981, Volume 7, No. 4.