Description: Chapter 8 states that there is great difficulty in projecting future mortality levels - the changing sex mortality differential is only one of the uncertainties. Some widely varying opinions for the future are offered. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Chapter 9 conclusions suggest that males have higher mortality throughout the world, at all ages, and for the vast majority of diseases. Evidence also suggests that there are significant biological reasons for the sex mortality differential, but these can be masked by environmental and behavioral factors. The author looks to the Human Genome Project for further understanding of this question. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: This paper looks at the actuarial implications of a gradual retirement scheme from the employer's point of view in terms of the normal cost and also from the employee's side, the total income he would receive under various gradual retirement scenarios.

Description: The author finds that misperceptions and lack of an appropriate context are the reason that illiquid investments - in particular annuities- have been the less desirable component of a retirement plan. The paper also suggests several catalysts that could spark a dramatic reversal of the current situation. From the 2011 Enterprise Risk Management Symposium, March 2011.

Description: Discussion resulting from presentation of Held's Plastic Omega paper at the Living to 100 and Beyond symposium, Session 1. This is Held's response to Jay Olshansky's comments regarding his paper, which discussed research on the aging process.

Description: Presented at Living to 100 symposium, January 2002. This paper presents data on the mortality, and mortality improvement trends, for retired U.S. Civil Service employees and their survivors, and analyzes the relationship to such factors as: Indexed final salary, Amount of indexed annuity, Total service at retirement, Duration on the Annuity Rolls, Retiree vs. beneficiary, Disability vs. non-disability.

Description: The abstract for the paper Data Sources, Quality and Analyses - Number of Centenarians in the United States 1/1/1990, 1/1/2000, and 1/1/2010 Based on Improved Medicare Data.

Description: This paper attempts to gather information regarding various components of the Canadian retirement income system, and to quantify the impact on the system of unanticipated morality improvements, particularly at age 65 and over, and of lower than expected equity returns. From 2005 Living to 100 and Beyond Monograph, M-LI05-1.

Description: Paper examines the rapid growth of the elderly population in India, as well as problems and challenges related to this growth, some universal, and some unique to India. From 2005 Living to 100 and Beyond Monograph, M-LI05-1.

Description: Discussion among experts. From 2005 Living to 100 and Beyond Monograph, M-LI05-1.