Description: This article explores strategies for optimizing actuarial models built on open system platforms. It begins by contrasting open and closed system modeling environments, emphasizing that users of open systems must take responsibility for in-house runtime optimization. The authors underscore the critical role that efficient, well-optimized models play in supporting a high-performing modeling team. To reinforce the techniques discussed, the article includes a case study focused on disability insurance modeling to offer practical insights.

Description: This article is historical in nature and explores the impacts of traditional life insurance products offering cash surrender values. This article intended to show that by offering cash surrender value, insurance companies became less exposed to the risk of mis-estimated lapse assumptions. This article presents an illustrative case study to highlight this dynamic. This article also explores the issues with traditional life insurance products that arose in the 1970s and 1980 and led to the introduction of Universal Life in the U.S.