Description: This paper examines the problem of a growing net benefit reduction for working women who are entitled to benefits in their own right, as well as to benefits as surviving spouses of covered workers.

Description: Mortality in the U.S. states at ages 80 and older and over years 1959–2011 analyzed and compared with mortality levels in 13 high-longevity countries.

Description: Chapter 7 suggests that there are two general families of hypotheses about the sex mortality differential: constitutional - biologic/genetic, and external - social/cultural/environmental/behavioral. The author gives a thorough review of the literature and studies performed. The conclusion offered is that there are significant biological reasons for the differential, but that these are often masked by environmental factors. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Discussion of Symposium Session 3B. Papers presented: Living to 100 - A Women's Issue Evaluation of Approaches to Reducing Women's Longevity Risk Estimates of Incidence, Prevalence, Duration, Intensity, and Cost of Chronic Disability among the US Elderly

Description: Transcript of the Q&A period from session 3B. Session focused on Women's longevity issues and Chronic Disability Measurement and cost.

Description: Some of the methods used to measure the sex mortality differential are life expectancy, death rates at a given age, age-adjusted death rates, and average age at death. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Chapter 3 examines historical mortality estimates that differentiate between male and female starting as far back as 1600 years ago and through the centuries to modern times when more reliable data becomes available. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: This paper charts the economic status of women moving from marriage to widowhood, and examines the changes in income and income sources that actually occur as women are widowed. The paper focuses, in particular, in the actual and potential role of pensions in preserving the economic status of widow. From Retirement Needs Framework, M-RS00-1.

Description: Seven appendices laying out the research data used in this paper in table form. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: References used in this research project looking at the mortality sex differential. From Why Men Die Younger - Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.