Description: The Karup-King formula with equal intervals has an elegant symmetric structure providing for efficient calculation. This paper traces the algebra involved in a generalization of this formula to the case of unequal intervals. So far, this formula does not have an elegant structure. However, a degree of elegance can be obtained in terms of matrix notation which can readily be used with a computer language such as APL.

Description: Excerpts from Yee's presentation on the S-Curve reserve for Universal life. The S-Curve represents a distribution of amount of assets needed under 550 scenarios which, together with future premiums, will fund all future policy benefits and expenses. The reserve is a specific point on the Curve.

Description: Presented at 1983 Actuarial Research Conference. The goal is to estimate the form of distribution of T 'time to an event' given 'z', and to explore the relationship between T and z. The methods outlined can be generalized to problems involving multiple failure times - not restricted to death events.