Description: Gross premium calculation methods may be arbitrarily separated into: a- Type 1 methods those which initially have commissions and other per cent of premium expenses in the denominator and b- Type 2 methods those which initially have commissions and other per cent of premium expenses in the numerator. The traditional Type 1 methods directly calculate the gross premium. The purpose of this paper is: 1. to present a Type 1 method of gross premium calculation which does the following: a Incorporates the cost of reinsurance into the gross premium calculation and may be shown as a level annual cost over the gross premium calculation period. b Calculates the effect on profit margins of a change in the retention limit without redoing the original calculation. c Calculates the premiums needed to break even e.g., amortize the initial investment in surplus at the end of each policy year as a by-product. d Calculates the profit or loss generated in each policy year or over any number of policy years for any gross premium without redoing the original calculation or first using a trial gross premium. e Directly solves for the gross premium that will produce any specified profit over any number of policy years without redoing the original calculation or first using a trial gross premium. f Directly solves for the premium that will produce a specified yield on surplus invested in new business by a flexible technique not first involving the use of the renewal net premium or any other preliminary gross premium. 2. to provide a mathematical definition of a financially meaningful average policy size which recognizes the cost of reinsurance. 3. to provide for mathematical definitions of common measures of profit, and the mathematical relationships between them. 4. To establish formulas expressing the effect of changes in various assumptions used in the gross premium calculation as a lev

Description: This paper presents a short method of calculating, without approximation, substandard annual extra premiums based on the standard net amount at risk. The method proposed in this paper, is by means of specially constructed auxiliary commutation columns, eliminating the need for any summation, and producing exact values of any extra premiums by relatively simple formulas. A mathematical proof of the methodology is provided.

Description: This is a discussion of the paper, A General Method of Calculating Experience Net Extra Premiums Based on the Standard Net Amount at Risk by Walter Shur.

Description: This paper begins with an investigation of the conceptual profit model known as Anderson's formula, then it compares Anderson's formula with two alternative profit formulas and discusses some applications and limitations of each method. A discussion of the paper follows. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1979, Vol. 31.

Description: This paper develops a method of developing and pricing life insurance based on game theory. The interests of the agent, company and insurance prospect are taken into account. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1968, Vol. 20, Pt. 1, No. 56 AB.

Description: This discussion at a 1967 Regional Meeting is about methods of allocating investment income using the investment year method, the treatment of unrealized capital gains, considerations in choosing interest assumptions, and challenges presented when comparing investment yields among companies.

Description: This discussion is about various methods for grading premiums and/or cash values by face amount size. Also a discussion of reasonable interest and mortality assumptions for computing retirement income policy maturity values and optional settlement rates guaranteed in new policies.

Description: These discussions at the 1967 New York and New Orleans Regional Meetings are about considerations in choosing interest assumptions and challenges presented when comparing investment yields among companies.

Description: This is a discussion of the paper published by Charles A. Ormsby titled, 'The Cost to Reinsure Individual Life Insurance Policies'. Discussion includes: 1. Given that reinsured business has higher mortality than non-reinsured business, why would companies issue it, 2. Suggestion that when costs of reinsurance are considered, reserves should be substituted for cash values to determine the 'statement costs', 3. Cost of reinsurance for a mutual company.

Description: These are responses to Richard Ziock's work, Gross Premiums for Term Insurance with Varying Benefits and Premiums.