Description: When an insurer classifies risks for the purpose of setting rates, one of the goals is to achieve equity. In general, however, inequities can be introduced when only certain factors are considered and others ignored. This paper, guided by ideas used by economists to measure income inequality, proposes a method of measuring this inequity. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1987, Vol. 39.

Description: This Task Force was charged to develop and understanding and quantification of risks of loss from the combination of C-1, C-2, C-3 and C-4 risks and the implications for insurer financial management. The Task Force concluded that analysis of cash flows would be the key to addressing these matters. This report is a series of papers prepared by various individuals on cash-flow analysis approaches to addressing these issues.

Description: The impetus for this paper is a concern that a unification of pricing, valuation, and management-basis financials may be essential to ensure the viability of life insurance companies in the variable economic environment of the foreseeable future, which will have serious effects on interest-sensitive products. The paper offers hypotheses on which any unification should be based. The proposed unification is structured on an equity capital management approach and on a variation of the level-return-on-equity accounting method. Discussions of this paper are included.

Description: This discussion looked at precautions the Home Office operations of a life insurance company could take to prevent disruption or destruction of records due to war. This discussion also reviews the topic of warfare on the U.S. continent and if the hazard would be bearable for individual companies and/or by the industry with a suitable pooling of risks.

Description: This discussion reviews what companies have done to control and reduce expenses of various types. It also discusses budgeting approaches.

Description: This section presents and summarizes major insurance-related legal cases of 1957, including a case regarding interpretation of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act of 1940 with amendments, FIT deduction of group disability benefits, FTC jurisdiction over advertising, group life employee ineligibility and incontestable clause, date of reinstatement, and claims issues.

Description: This paper discusses gain and loss analysis for group insurance under the following headings: Nomenclature and General Principles, Sources of Gain and Loss under Theoretical Conditions, Gains and Losses Arising in Practice, Comparison with Annual Statement Results and Effects of Changes in the Company's Dividend Formula. Discussions of this paper are included.

Description: Discusses the successes and difficulties companies have had with the plan, methods most successful in securing bank cooperation, legal issues, persistency experience, etc.

Description: This paper presents an algorithm for approximating the probability of ruin for a Poisson process - which is often used to model an aggregate claims process.

Description: This paper presents the theory of immunization of investments to changes in interest rates and provides an extensive series of examples and formulas used in its implementation. Also presents some implications for investment behavior, product development, interest assumptions, valuation and adjusted earnings. Discussions of this paper are included.