Description: Chapter 7 suggests that there are two general families of hypotheses about the sex mortality differential: constitutional - biologic/genetic, and external - social/cultural/environmental/behavioral. The author gives a thorough review of the literature and studies performed. The conclusion offered is that there are significant biological reasons for the differential, but that these are often masked by environmental factors. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Chapter 8 states that there is great difficulty in projecting future mortality levels - the changing sex mortality differential is only one of the uncertainties. Some widely varying opinions for the future are offered. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: The first objective is to highlight the key trends and projections that describe the magnitude and scope of the aging world in the 21st century. The second is to identify some of the key issues that countries in the developed and developing world will have to face as a consequence of population aging. The third objective is to emphasize the triumph and opportunities of an aging world, providing a counterpoint to the prevailing notion that the aging of societies is a catastrophe, leading only to undue burden on future generations.

Description: Introduction provides an overview to the monograph: measurement and history of the sex mortality differential, the differential in relation to various groupings, hypotheses, and expert opinions. From, Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: References used in this research project looking at the mortality sex differential. From Why Men Die Younger - Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: ESG is the abbreviation of Environmental, Social and Governance, which has become an increasingly popular concept in the capital markets across the globe. Although definitions on ESG vary slightly according to different sources, the general understandings are similar. Environmental refers to issues related to the planet, such as climate change mitigation and biodiversity protection; Social focuses on issues around societal problems, such as gender inequality; Governance puts emphasis on building and maintaining a sound corporate governance system.

Description: This presentation from Session 18 of the SOA June 2004 San Antonio Spring Meeting discusses how insured mortality has changed during the past 30 years, which published mortality tables are most appropriate to use in today's pricing environment with the proliferation of preferred risk plans, what factors have historically contributed to mortality improvement assumptions, and how underwriting requirements should be coordinated with setting price assumptions. From the Record of the Society of Actuaries, Volume 30, No. 2.

Description: This paper presents an analysis of the mortality of old-age beneficiaries retired workers aged 65 or over and covers the period 1941-61, based on administrative actions taken through 1962. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1965, Vol. 17, Pt. 1, No. 49.

Description: This discussion addresses the following questions about health insurance maternity benefits: 1. What has been the claim, lapse, and expense experience on hospital-medical policies with maternity benefits issued to young married couples? 2. To what extent have hospital-medical policies been introduced with reduced maternity benefits during the early policy years or with no maternity benefits? 3. What other measures are being used to provide maternity benefits on a self-sustaining basis? 4. Are these measures effective? From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1963, Vol. 15 Pt. 2

Description: Chapter 3 examines historical mortality estimates that differentiate between male and female starting as far back as 1600 years ago and through the centuries to modern times when more reliable data becomes available. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.