Description: This paper examines the theory of surplus for a mutual life insurance organization. The paper tries to answer several important questions - What exactly is surplus, what is its purpose, of what magnitude might it be, from whence does it arise, and what are its implications with respect to equity between policyholders.

Description: This discussion on interest rate and investments looks at reinvesting when faced with capital losses, issues associated with investing in stocks, the effect of taxes on investment policy, the level of policy loans, the effect of inflation, and interest assumptions for new policies.