Description: First dollar carriers, stop loss carriers, and reinsurers play a different role in reimbursing healthcare claims. This article explores the reinsurer's role in reimbursing COVID-19 related claims.

Description: Contains two separate articles, called notes. The first note, “A note on correlation in mean variance portfolio theory,” is an elementary discussion of how negative correlation coefficients can be, given any set of N random variables. The second note, “Two essential formulas in actuarial science and financial mathematics,” gives a more or less self-contained introduction to Jensen’s inequality and to another formula, which the author decided to call the “survival function expectation formula.”

Description: Article builds on similar article in January 2002 issue and presents brief discussion on extra stop-loss risk. Health Section News, June 2002, Issue 46

Description: The impact of benefit design on the cost of Aggregate Stop-Loss Coverage. Issue No. 42.

Description: A comparison of fully insured medical insurance to two self- funding alternatives , specific and aggregate and level funding .