Description: Paper estimates the burden of chronic disability on the U.S. elderly population, using sex-specific measures of long-term care LTC service use, intensity and costs.

Description: This paper examines how income sources change when married women in Britain, the U.S., and Germany are widowed, and it draws inferences about the income consequences of specific retirement and survivorship provisions. .

Description: In light of the almost universal mortality differential by sex, Chapter 6 examines briefly the major causes of death comparing the results by sex: heart disease, cancer, accidents/violence, cerebrovascular disease, and infectious/parasitic disease. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Elderly women living alone experience some of the highest poverty rates in the United States. One reason for their financial frailty is that they face more longevity risk than men. Existing financial products that can mitigate this risk are not attractive to many people. Can alternative vehicles for pooling longevity risk be developed outside the insurance market that would appeal to these individuals? This paper suggests some risk-pooling approaches and compares their effectiveness and viability.

Description: Chapter 4 states that greater male mortality is almost universal throughout the world, although the difference between male and female mortality varies from country to country and region to region. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.