Description: This article is about the constant pressure on reducing life insurance premiums and makes a case for eliminating guaranteed cash values to assist in that effort.

Description: Author describes how he developed graduated policy-year withdrawal rates using crude withdrawal data that was available by calendar duration but that also was distorted by reporting lags.

Description: An increasingly popular tool in estate planning is the Joint Life policy payable upon the second death. The design and pricing of this policy is influenced significantly by cash value and reserve requirements. This article discusses two methods for calculating these values.

Description: This article discusses the growing popularity of variable products and compares the product design and pricing of VUL and UL products.

Description: Provides clarification of the level-price method for comparing the cost of 2 different policies discussed in March 1969 article by William Gould, which drew on this author's work. This method applies to cash value life policies.