Description: This article is a discussion of a study released in June 1976 by the New York Insurance Department, entitled “Disability Income Insurance – Cost Differentials between Men and Women.” The author of this article notes that “due to charges by various groups of discrimination in the underwriting and establishing of premium rates for individual disability income insurance, the results of this study have been eagerly awaited by many segments of the insurance industry. Fears of substantiating uni-sex rates were unfounded as the results of the study generally conformed to those of the Society of Actuaries which the industry has relied on to a great extent in the past.”

Description: Chapter 5 explores the data suggesting that not only is the mortality rate greater for men, but that the rate is greater for men at all age groups. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Chapter 8 states that there is great difficulty in projecting future mortality levels - the changing sex mortality differential is only one of the uncertainties. Some widely varying opinions for the future are offered. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: This discussion addresses the following questions about health insurance maternity benefits: 1. What has been the claim, lapse, and expense experience on hospital-medical policies with maternity benefits issued to young married couples? 2. To what extent have hospital-medical policies been introduced with reduced maternity benefits during the early policy years or with no maternity benefits? 3. What other measures are being used to provide maternity benefits on a self-sustaining basis? 4. Are these measures effective? From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1963, Vol. 15 Pt. 2

Description: This article, by the President of the Faculty of Actuaries, gives the author's impressions of the Society of Actuaries April 1983 meeting held in Philadelphia. His comments focus on gender discrimination in insurance and pension plans, and the existence of a Futurism Section in the Society.

Description: This paper presents an analysis of the mortality of old-age beneficiaries retired workers aged 65 or over and covers the period 1941-61, based on administrative actions taken through 1962. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1965, Vol. 17, Pt. 1, No. 49.

Description: This article is a review and discussion of the article, “Sex and the Single Table: Equal Monthly Retirement Income for the Sexes? By Barbara J. Lautzenheiser, FSA, appearing in the Fall 1976 issue of Employee Benefits Journal. The author of this article found it to be an informed discussion in the defense of actuarial risk classification practices, and of the legal and social issues used to argue against risk classification based on gender, such as promoting unisex tables for determining pension payments.

Description: In light of the almost universal mortality differential by sex, Chapter 6 examines briefly the major causes of death comparing the results by sex: heart disease, cancer, accidents/violence, cerebrovascular disease, and infectious/parasitic disease. From Why Men Die Younger: Causes of Mortality Differences by Sex, M-LI01-1.

Description: Elizabeth Wells describes the fundamental underpinnings and processes that can help reduce the risk of inequitable division of retirement benefits between divorcing couples.

Description: This paper charts the economic status of women moving from marriage to widowhood, and examines the changes in income and income sources that actually occur as women are widowed. The paper focuses, in particular, in the actual and potential role of pensions in preserving the economic status of widow. From Retirement Needs Framework, M-RS00-1.