Description: Gross premium calculation methods may be arbitrarily separated into: a- Type 1 methods those which initially have commissions and other per cent of premium expenses in the denominator and b- Type 2 methods those which initially have commissions and other per cent of premium expenses in the numerator. The traditional Type 1 methods directly calculate the gross premium. The purpose of this paper is: 1. to present a Type 1 method of gross premium calculation which does the following: a Incorporates the cost of reinsurance into the gross premium calculation and may be shown as a level annual cost over the gross premium calculation period. b Calculates the effect on profit margins of a change in the retention limit without redoing the original calculation. c Calculates the premiums needed to break even e.g., amortize the initial investment in surplus at the end of each policy year as a by-product. d Calculates the profit or loss generated in each policy year or over any number of policy years for any gross premium without redoing the original calculation or first using a trial gross premium. e Directly solves for the gross premium that will produce any specified profit over any number of policy years without redoing the original calculation or first using a trial gross premium. f Directly solves for the premium that will produce a specified yield on surplus invested in new business by a flexible technique not first involving the use of the renewal net premium or any other preliminary gross premium. 2. to provide a mathematical definition of a financially meaningful average policy size which recognizes the cost of reinsurance. 3. to provide for mathematical definitions of common measures of profit, and the mathematical relationships between them. 4. To establish formulas expressing the effect of changes in various assumptions used in the gross premium calculation as a lev

Description: Discussion of topics addressed at pricing methodologies seminar,including a review of the results of the Tillinghast Pricing Methodology Survey. This survey covers the most popular profit measures for various companies within various product lines. The concept of market consistent embedded value was also discussed, as well as a review of pricing indexed products. Finally, there were case studies presented on pricing Universal Life with Secondary Guarantees, Return of Premium Term and Variable Annuities with Living Benefits

Description: This paper deals primarily with the actuarial aspects of a life insurance product providing complete flexibility in the pattern of premium payments- and benefits. This paper presented a framework around which a policy of the life-cycle family can be built. Discussion includes description of how the product might work, given the legal and operational constraints at the time. Also discussion of how compliance with the Standard Valuation Law and Standard Non forfeiture laws would be achieved. Followed by submitted discussions of the paper by various people

Description: In this paper a model of term insurance experience is constructed on the basis of mortality classes theory and utility theory. The model generates a complete set of mortality, withdrawal, and conversion rates on term insurance and of mortality rates on converted policies . The resulting decrement rates can be used in a Jenkins-type formula to calculate gross premiums.

Description: This is a discussion of the paper, A General Method of Calculating Experience Net Extra Premiums Based on the Standard Net Amount at Risk by Walter Shur.

Description: This paper will show that the result of using the 1975-80 select/ultimate table, as opposed to the more modern 1990-95 select/ultimate table, can be a significant understatement of future mortality and hence anticipated profits may prove to be illusory.

Description: A discussion of the need to search for alternative mortality tables other than the 1975- 80 and 1990-95 tables to use as the base table, which may be more appropriate for a particular company or specific products.

Description: Presented at April 1985 April Meeting. This session discussed: Annuities, Non-participating life products, Participating life products, Variable products

Description: Presented at May 1986 Spring Meeting. This session discussion is about a corporate environment with a stated return on equity objective: How does this objective interface with GAAP, statutory profit per unit issued, break-even year, premium or revenue growth, market share and cash flow.

Description: Presented at May 2002 Spring Meeting. This session addresses the important elements in designing preferred risk products. Theoretical and pragmatic approaches to establishing a sound policy for setting underwriting requirements and mortality assumptions are discussed, including the real mathematics of preferred risk classification, distribution of risk profiles by age and the key elements of age-specific underwriting.