Description: The medical scheme approach adopted by several African countries has failed to meet the needs of those in informal employment and rural communities. This is partly due to affordability amongst these individuals as well as a lack of awareness of how healthcare financing products work. Community based healthcare organisations have achieved greater levels of success in this regard by carefully incorporating the peculiarities of communities in benefit design and involving community members in the management of these healthcare solutions. There are lessons to be garnered from the countries where these have been implemented with some level of success. Even as countries aim towards universal health coverage, observing the unique needs of different communities within a country is essential to ensure resources are utilised efficiently and that healthcare needs are targeted effectively.

Description: This paper discusses the quality of healthcare verses the price of healthcare and puruses individuals and doctors making decisions for their own healthcare costs and services.

Description: A glossary of terms.

Description: While there are many issues in healthcare, the single most significant issue is cost, both in terms of the cost today and in terms of the growth in cost over the past several decades. We need to increase the ability of all citizens to purchase healthcare services or health insurance that in turn purchases healthcare services, and decrease the growth in the cost of healthcare.

Description: Essay reforming healthcare where participants have a vested interest in reaching the best answer.

Description: This session is about rationing health care. From Record of Society of Actuaries Vol. 18, No. 4A.

Description: A Discussion of why female mortality is higher than male mortality at higher ages.

Description: This article begins with a comparison of the commercial risk adjuster to the exisiting Medicare model, and goes on to discuss why the existing strategies employed by health plans will not work in a risk adjusted environment. The article elaborates on the importance of diagnosis coding, controlling member mix, and care management in order to mitigate risks and gain from newly created opportunities.

Description: Essay discussing cost, quality and access of healthcare and then describes the need for rationing.

Description: Article Health Insurance in The Actuary, June 1979, Volume 13, Number 6