Description: In this paper we use expectations of different random variables to define the notions of retrospective, prospective, individual, and aggregate net premiums for plans with contingent obligations.

Description: Discusses the extent to which various influences are reflected in premiums, dividends and settlement options: improved mortality, interest rate trends, federal taxes, agent compensation and increasing expenses.

Description: A five-factor individual life expected profit formula is presented in this paper, with first-year lapse rate and amount of insurance as variables. The formula is appropriate for a single age-plan-sex cell.