Description: This paper presents a short method of calculating, without approximation, substandard annual extra premiums based on the standard net amount at risk. The method proposed in this paper, is by means of specially constructed auxiliary commutation columns, eliminating the need for any summation, and producing exact values of any extra premiums by relatively simple formulas. A mathematical proof of the methodology is provided.

Description: In this paper we use expectations of different random variables to define the notions of retrospective, prospective, individual, and aggregate net premiums for plans with contingent obligations.

Description: This paper sets forth a method of estimating the present value of the cost of future nonvested commissions. It also provides a method of producing an agents' survival table. Followed by several discussion papers submitted