Description: Many risk management decisions involve the timing of implementing risk strategies. The cost of hedging, capital raising and securitization changes with the economic environment. The timing of de-risking and investment in new risk management functions affect the cost and benefit of these projects as well. Like investment timing, it is important to consider the timing in risk management decisions to maximize the gain of risk management projects. This paper discusses methods of determining the appropriate timing of implementing a risk management strategy or investing in risk management projects. It explains the human biases that may lead to inferior timing decisions. It also covers the costs and benefits of risk management projects and the impact of new information on the decision-making process. Timing considerations for financial risk hedging, insurance risk hedging and investment in new risk management projects are explained. Factors used for timing decisions include economic conditions, market volatility, credit rating, borrowing cost, capital adequacy and financial resources.

Description: This paper, written following a UK Actuarial meeting, is divided into three parts. Taken together, the three parts intend to provide the reader with an overview of the first 101 years of financial economics, with particular attention on those developments that are of special interest to actuaries.

Description: This is a discussion from the 1982 SOA Spring Meeting on economic issues and inflation and the decay of the American financial system including debt, the crash in house prices and implications for the insurance industry. From Record of the Society of Actuaries 1982, Volume 8, No.1.

Description: Panelists prognosticate about the future in terms of economic and financial scenarios, and future insurance markets, products, and distribution systems. From the 1988 Record of Society of Actuaries, Vol. 14, No. 3.

Description: Discussion of competing theories for valuing public pension liabilities. Emphasis on revised Actuarial Standards of Practice that focus on the purpose of the measurement.

Description: Models are useful in illustrating various facets of complex phenomena, but they are inherently limited.

Description: We discussed impacts of procrastination and strategies to harness the power of inertia to aid individuals in their pursuit of future financial well-being.

Description: This paper examines demographic and economic trends of the 1970's and suggests implications with regards to the life insurance industry. Some of the trends include changes in distribution of income, age, family size, inflation, population size, environmental instability and there is discussion of some of the underlying causes of these developments.

Description: This paper describes an actuarial model that was developed to answer the question of whether employees are projected to get their money's worth out of participating in the Society Security system, determined by comparing the expected present value of benefits to projected value of taxes. This question is discussed with reference to 1. a single worker, 2. a married worker with a non working spouse and 3. a two-wage-earner family.

Description: Risk management techniques do not include system science. System science requires that the uncertainty of the world is incorporated into the results. The articles explains the difference between risk and uncertainty. Learn how risk practices create an overoptimistic view of future outcomes.