Description: This paper presents the theory of immunization of investments to changes in interest rates and provides an extensive series of examples and formulas used in its implementation. Also presents some implications for investment behavior, product development, interest assumptions, valuation and adjusted earnings. Discussions of this paper are included.

Description: This paper will show how the NAIC formula and others can be allocated by line of business by the use of partial derivatives of RBC.

Description: In recent years a lot of time has been spent discussing a variety of different ways to measure the performance of an insurance company. One of the dominating concepts in the discussion of this has been 'Economic Capital' and with this the question of allocation of the [Economic] Capital with the intention of introducing a risk related measure of performance. In this paper, the authors view the performance measuring as a question of determining the appropriate distribution of a risk loading for participants in a risk pool having the overall risk priced by an actuarial premium principle. They show that the covariance principle can be found as the optimal solution to this risk sharing problem and show that the covariance principle fulfills some reasonable requirements. They furthermore suggest how the covariance principle can be at the basis of a target setting procedure for a multi-line insurance company.