Description: This literature guide provides a basic grounding in policyholder dividends and other nonguaranteed elements in individual life insurance and annuities in Canada and the U.S. Participating insurance is most often offered by mutuals in the U.S. and by both mutual and stock companies in Canada.

Description: This session from the 1992 Valuation Actuary Symposium covers recoverability and loss recognition including using cash flow testing to determine loss recognition or recoverability, actuarial standard of practice 14, and valuation work by line of business or issue-year groups.