Description: A European call option pricing model similar to the Black-Scholes equation [1] is derived. Like the Black-Scholes equation, the model is based upon an assumption of a lognormal distribution of the price of a risky, non-dividend-paying security at a given point in the future. However, unlike Black-Scholes, the market's risk preference is recognized through a parameter that permits refinement of the model to agree either with experience or with future advances in the underlying theory.

Description: This presentation discusses the ways actuaries have dealt with regulations under Internal Revenue Code 401a4 which prescribes tests that are required to be completed by qualified retirement plans to ensure that plan benefits/contributions do not discriminate in favor of officers, shareholders, or highly compensated employees. From Record of Society of Actuaries Vol. 17, No. 3.