Description: This paper presents a model designed to help actuaries analyze and quantify C3 risk, which is the risk of loss due to changes in interest rates or the shape of the yield curve.

Description: Discusses how a small health insurance company may be able to create and successfully maintain its wealth through careful actuarial model considerations used in calculating reserves. A traditional and a conservative approach to calculating the reserves are compared. The conservative approach was found particularly useful when estimating reserves for an individual health insurance company with numerous product lines each relatively small in volume.