Description: This discussion examined Group Life Insurance and asks, What methods are in use for determination of the provision in initial and renewal premiums for expenses, taxes, commissions, risk charges, and contingency margins for groups of various sizes, amount distributions, and administrative arrangements? From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1960, Vol. 12, No. 34.

Description: This paper presents a surplus-ratio goal that is appropriate for group accident and health insurance and discusses growth, the sources of gains and losses, ways to improve operating gain and tracking results against expectations. A discussion of the paper follows. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1977, Vol. 29.