Description: A new reason for the inherent instability of the insurance business can be found in the literature of anthropology. The theory of plural rationalities, also known as Cultural Theory of Risk or simply Cultural Theory, posits that the world is populated by people with four fundamentally different attitudes toward risk. Presented at 2010 Enterprise Risk Management Symposium, Society of Actuaries, April 12-15, 2010.

Description: When companies engage in risk management activities, they can be seen as modifying their distributions of future outcomes. Often, this takes the form of trading off a sure cost for a decrease in some potential risk of loss. Companies may carry out these activities with several goals in mind, such as reduction in earnings volatility or preservation of capital. This paper will demonstrate a method for evaluating possible strategies by dividing the effects on costs and risks into three tranches: earnings, impact and estate. The tranches can be associated with different interests of the various stakeholders. This trifurcation analysis can help to explain the risk-reward trade-offs of different risk treatment alternatives and can aid in risk-related decisionmaking.

Description: There are many ways to perform Risk Management. For an ERM system to be effective its objectives need to match up with what management wants. But most ERM systems do not have an explicit objective. Part of the essay collection "Risk Metrics for Decision Making and ORSA"

Description: Presented at May 1985 Spring Meeting. This session discussed the differences in the reporting of product line and source of earnings results between insurers and banks and the practical problems which exist in interpreting gain by source or product-level.

Description: What Do You Mean You Are An FRM From GARP? by David N. Ingram from Risks and Rewards Newsletter, February 2002, Issue No. 38.

Description: Presented at May 1985 Spring Meeting. Discusses: Target surplus formulas for specific product lines, Projecting product line surplus needs, How cost of capital is charged to product lines, Criteria to use in allocating capital to or withdrawing capital from specific product lines, Differing techniques appropriate for stock and mutual companies, Differing techniques appropriate for the United States and Canada, How capital allocation relates to regulatory requirements, How capital allocation relates to competition in other industries.