Description: “Investments in securities are traditionally evaluated on a standalone basis by using ratios that summarize the relation¬ship between anticipated risks and rewards. These ratios could also be used to better quantify the relationship between the standalone risks and rewards of life and annuity products and thus enhance the capital allocation process. These ratios will be discussed and critiqued.” The article describes how “the . . . ratios can help tie modeled product risks to modeled rewards.”

Description: Article discusses possible effects of negative interest rates on product development, risk management, investment management and in-force management.