Description: This paper presents and examines the following cases: United States v. Manufacturers National Bank, Flemming v. Nestor, Commissioner of Internal Revenue vs. Minser, Schrader v. Prudential Insurance Company, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company v. Metropolitan Insurance Company, Friedman v. Markman and Pan American Life Insurance Company v. Andrews. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1960, Vol. 12, No. 34.