Description: Because actuaries fit models for a variety of situations, particularly with regard to data modifications, it is useful to have a single approach. Though not optimal or exact for a particular model or data structure, the method should be reasonable for most all settings. Such a method is proposed in this article. Actuarial Research Clearing House 2003, VOL. 1

Description: In this paper the ad-hoc Bayesian derivation of the Whittaker method is replaced with a formal Bayesian specification, and then it is shown that with this specification it is possible to complete the graduation without making an arbitrary selection of the smoothing parameter. From Actuarial Research Clearing House 1992, VOL. 1.