Description: This presentation at the 1968 Annual Meeting looks at the urban crisis, the problems of poverty in the inner city, and the positive responses of many insurance organizations.

Description: This paper defines a concept of equivalence for profit standards. The central principle advanced is that the company should set prices on all its products to produce marginal profits that are equal in proportion to the products' marginal use of surplus. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1981, Vol. 33.