Description: This paper presents a surplus-ratio goal that is appropriate for group accident and health insurance and discusses growth, the sources of gains and losses, ways to improve operating gain and tracking results against expectations. A discussion of the paper follows. From Transactions of Society of Actuaries 1977, Vol. 29.

Description: This discussion is about group life insurance for employees on leave due to military service, methods for estimating group dividend liabilities, and issues in the underwriting of Group Hospital Expense insurance.