Description: A discussion of pension reform in China at the time of the July 1997 introduction of a new unified pension system.

Description: Part One of a three part discussion of A Social Security System for the 21st Century, this part focuses the broader international, social, political, cultural and economic trends that will govern the viability and sustainability of a social security system in the 21st century.

Description: A discussion of the political, economic, and demographic environment in Europe and its impact on the life insurance industry.

Description: A review of the recent history of the actuarial profession in Pakistan and the near term future as of the year 2000.

Description: Insurers in the European Union 'EU' were busy preparing themselves for the new Solvency II regulations when the European Court of Justice surprised the industry with its judgment on March 1, 2011, to end gender discrimination in insurance aimed at supporting the fight against unfair discrimination. This article provides background, industry reaction, and the possible effects on the life insurance industry.

Description: A discussion of the Brazilian Health Industry

Description: Discussion of Ley 100/Law 100 in Colombia, which was ratified in 1993 and linked the government pension plan with a government-sponsored and controlled yet, privatized health plan.

Description: Insurance Regulation in Spain In response to the 1995 Ordinance on the Supervision of Private Insurers, the Direccion General de Seguros DGS has proposed a sweeping new set of regulations. These regulations replace the 1985 and 1986 regulations their amendments and are intended bring Spanish regulation and practice line with the European Community EC directives. This article reviews some key aspects of the new Spanish regulation and discusses possible responses by the insurance market.

Description: Discussion of the introduction of the Euro and its impact on European cooperation and its impact on the ability of the United States and its currency to dominate the world's political and financial system.

Description: Part 2 of a discussion of the Chinese life insurance market with an emphasis on regulatory, investment, tax, and professional development issues.